Foreign Bodies

Table of Contents

Figures

Preface

Editors' Biographies

Contributors

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Foreign Bodies in Oceania

Strategies

Naming spaces

Classifying people

Oceania

Foreign bodies

The chapters

References

Part One – Emergence: Thinking the Science of Race, 1750-1880

Chapter 1. Climate to Crania: science and the racialization of human difference

Slippery word

Changing connotations

New imperatives: taxonomy and biology

Original unity and the paradox of human differences

Intimating polygeny

Origins, races, species

The triumph of racial difference

Species, hybrids, synthesis

Defining a species

Confronting hybrids

Darwinian synthesis

Broca and the degrees of hybridity

Topinard's synthesis

Residual monogeny and the spectre of extinction

Conclusion

References

Part Two – Experience: the Science of Race and Oceania, 1750-1869

Chapter 2. 'Novus Orbis Australis': Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850

Buffon and Dampier — 'great variety of Savages'

Brosses and the Forsters — 'two great varieties'

Blumenbach — 'this remarkable variety'

Collecting races

Towards autochthony

Naval naturalists and racial taxonomy in Oceania

Morality, science, and the lure of polygeny

Prichard — 'one original'; 'three principal groupes'

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3. 'Oceanic Negroes': British anthropology of Papuans, 1820-1869

'Papuanesia'

John Crawfurd — 'two separate races'

George Windsor Earl — 'a single glance is sufficient'

Alfred Russel Wallace — 'Had I been blind …'

The priority of presence

The cardinality of comparison

Topography of purity: admixture, commixture, intermixture

On coming out strong

References

Part Three – Consolidation: the Science of Race and Aboriginal Australians, 1860-1885

Chapter 4. British Anthropological Thought in Colonial Practice

The ubiquity of race

The lure of Aboriginal bodies — the Darwinians

Metropolitan ideas and the colonial 'field'

The lure of Aboriginal bodies — the polygenists

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5. 'Three Living Australians' and the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, 1885

Aboriginal Australians in 19th-century French anthropology

Cunningham's troupe and Topinard's 'presentation'

'Arguments about Aborigines'

Broca and human hybridity

Topinard and Aboriginal Australians

Topinard and the two races theory

Hamy and the push for ethnography

Houzé and polygeny

Jacques and the cultural perspective

Conclusion

References

Part Four – Complicity and Challenge: the Science of Race and Evangelical Humanism, 1800-1930

Chapter 6. The 'Faculty of Faith'

Heathens and the capacity for religious thought

Indigenous Gentiles: human unity and missions

'The faculty of faith': evidence and theories

George Brown, Frazer, and the origins of totemism

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7. 'White Man's Burden', 'White Man's Privilege'

Armchair anthropology and missionary ethnography

The naturalness of race and the challenge of experience

Internationalism and its enemies

The 'sacred trust of civilization' in New Guinea

Christianity and the race problem

Conclusion

References

Part Five – Zenith: Colonial Contradictions and the Chimera of Racial Purity, 1920-1940

Chapter 8. The Half-Caste in Australia, New Zealand, and Western Samoa between the Wars

The half-caste

The 'half-caste problem' between the wars

Differing evaluations of miscegenation

The 'half-caste problem' in Australia

Half-castes in New Zealand: not a problem?

The menace of the half-caste in Western Samoa and Fiji

The significance of place

Postcolonial fortunes

References

Epilogue

The Cultivation of Difference in Oceania

Index