ANU Press Archive, 1965–1991
A collaborative project undertaken by ANU Press and the ANU Digitisation Team has enabled over 500 scholarly works, originally published by The Australian National University Press between 1965–1991, to be made available to a global audience under its open-access policy.
Displaying results 276 to 300 of 537.
Contention and dispute: aspects of law and social control in Melanesia »
Publication date: 1974
Law pervades the social, political, and economic aspects of the lives of all people in all communities. In Papua New Guinea, as in many emerging nations, however, law is not always the panoplied abstraction of western nations; rather, it is the customary law, in which discussions and arguments about disputes within the groups are carried on until consensus is reached. Contention and Dispute presents several case histories from different parts of Papua New Guinea showing what people argue about and how they settle their differences. Each is analysed in terms of its context of place, social conditions, disputants, and personalities. Each exemplifies customary law in action, in native courts that are often vigorous, downright, earthy - and devious. Each is a community affair, utterly remote from the formality of western courts, and is at once a means of restoring the status quo and a platform for personal and political ambitions. A fundamental problem for Papua New Guinea today is to lay the foundations for a nationally acceptable system that will combine the legal needs, in national and international terms, with a customary law that is different from but not inferior to introduced law. This book provides an essential background for the solution.
Problem of choice: land in Papua New Guinea's future »
Publication date: 1974
For the peoples of Papua New Guinea land is overwhelmingly important, not only as the sole means of life but also for what it means in their culture. It is inalienable; it came to them from all their forebears, and it will belong to all their descendants. Its emotional and spiritual significance evokes from them a religio-mystical response completely alien to the Western attitude that land is just another commodity. Yet, for a developing nation, land is also a commodity - to be bought and sold for large-scale agriculture, to be mined, to be used for commerce and agriculture, schools and cities. Thus there is an inherent conflict between traditional and potential uses reflecting a profound conflict of values and attitudes. As Papua New Guinea approaches independence, no problem is of greater importance than the role of land, for no other issue is potentially so violently divisive. Is it to be a national estate? Is it to be owned and used individually, co-operatively, corporately? What will be the impact on the whole social fabric of the country and the lives of its people? In essays expressing every shade of opinion from expatriate detachment or involved commitment and conviction to indigenous bewilderment, rage, frustration, or sense of betrayal, the authors in this book examine some aspects of these extremely complex problems. For the future unity and security of the country the answer is crucial. It is one that the Papua New Guineans alone must make. But there is no easy answer, no simple solution, to their Problem of Choice.
A show of justice: racial 'amalgamation' in nineteenth century New Zealand »
Publication date: 1974
A Show of Justice looks at New Zealand in the nineteenth century when British officials and humanitarians attempted through assimilation to save the Maori from destruction by the tide of European settlement. This policy, and the special administrative and judicial machinery set up to implement it, helped avert the situations in which the American Indians and Australian Aborigines find themselves. Nevertheless, it led to the subjugation of the Maori under {u2018}a show of justice'. Using the records of the old Native Department, Dr Ward probes the attitudes of Maori and settlers towards each other. He shows how, in practice, the settlers both refused to recognise Maori political and judicial institutions and, lest it enabled them to keep their lands closed to settlement, denied them a genuine share in the new state. He reveals, too, how under settler pressure the special machinery set up to involve the Maori was hastily abolished, a step which has since contributed to keeping the two races apart. Maori are now demanding honest answers to many unanswered questions. In this book they, and all concerned with the problems of race relations, will find a basis for some of the answers. And at a time when nations are being made acutely aware of the aspirations of their minority races, national leaders would benefit from a long hard look at New Zealand's experience.
Words and their meanings »
Publication date: 1974
Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3343 1885_114904.jpg ANU Press Words and their meanings Sunday, 18 August, 1974 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services Ullmann, Stephen
Church and state in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist missionaries and political development, 1822-1875 »
Publication date: 1974
Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3119 1885_114697.jpg ANU Press Church and state in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist missionaries and political development, 1822-1875 Sunday, 18 August, 1974 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services L??t??kefu, Sione
'Not a white woman safe': sexual anxiety and politics in Port Moresby, 1920-1934 »
Publication date: 1974
Sexual anxiety, bordering on panic, in the Australian colonial town of Port Moresby - 'Port' - during the 1920s is the theme of this book. Port Moresby was more white, more Protestant, more homogeneous than comparable towns like Darwin or Rabaul. Its Papuan inhabitants were considered low on the ladder of civilisation and were despised for trying to climb up it. At the same time they were feared. Liaison with a black, demeaning to a white man, was regarded as defilement to a white woman, and the Papuans were believed to be primitives, unable to control their sexual appetites. Panic and political passion forced Administrator Hubert Murray, whose native policy was criticised as {u2018}lenient{u2019}, to introduce the savagely discriminatory White Women's Protection Ordinance. It stated that anyone who raped or attempted to rape a white woman or girl would be hanged. Mrs Inglis tells the stories of two Papuans convicted under the Ordinance and shows how guilt over the conduct of the trials and over the public hanging of one of the m en clouded the judgment of the white residents so that they became incapable of telling the truth about the incidents, then or later. She questions their belief, ironically shared by Papuans, that white women, sometimes unwittingly, provoked the attacks by immodest behaviour and demonstrates that the Ordinance was the logical outcome of hurt male prestige, authority, and racial pride. The Ordinance was revoked in 1958.
The broken years: Australian soldiers in the Great War »
Publication date: 1974
Before the First World War most Australians shared the emotions and traditions of the British Empire. Proud of their British heritage, anxious to raise the Imperial status of Australia, they were eager to fight and, if need be, to die in defence of their race and country. But the horror and tragedy of the conflict brought fundamental changes in outlook. Many of the pre-war enthusiasms persisted, but the days of unquestioning allegiance to Empire were beginning to come to an end, to be replaced by the bittersweet tradition of Anzac. Dr Gammage shows how and why these changes took place. Using the diaries and letters of one thousand front-line soldiers of the First Australian Imperial Force, most of them now part of a unique collection housed in the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, he reconstructs the motives and expectations with which these men volunteered and the experiences they encountered. He highlights and examines the new attitudes to war and to the homeland that developed and foreshadows the important effects in Australia of the changed outlook brought home by the survivors. Those who have returned from war will recognise immediately the raw realities faced by the 'diggers', the growing disillusionment, and the hopes for the future. Those with fathers, husbands, or brothers who served, and all those concerned with what happens to men at war, cannot fail to be moved by the simple dignity of the men{u2019}s accounts, or by the understated courage with which they wrote to their families of the miseries they endured. This book, written with sensitivity and scholarly care, must be read if we are to understand war and its impact on the ethos of a nation.
Irian Jaya: the transformation of a Melanesian economy »
Publication date: 1974
In 1963 Indonesia took over the former Dutch colony of West New Guinea. In the decade since, this large resource-rich Melanesian area, now Irian Jaya, has undergone rapid change to become an integrated province of the comparatively resource-poor Republic of Indonesia. Under the culturally alien Dutch administration change was slow and felt predominantly in the towns. Under the equally alien Indonesian administration the pace of change has accelerated and the effects have been more dramatic, even traumatic. Irian Jaya towns have now been substantially integrated into the Indonesian system - development programs have had marked effects on education, money, labour and commodity markets, transport and communications, and the utilisation of forest, mineral and fish resources. These effects have not always benefited the Irianese people and the gap between the modern economy and the villages still pursuing a Melanesian way of life is increasing. The Irian Jaya experience, traced in this book, is of great importance to those concerned with the future of Papua New Guinea, of the Melanesian economies to its east, and of the Southeast Asian economies to its west. Little use has so far been made of this rich source of comparative data and the authors have here, for the first time, assembled in a concise and interesting form Irian Jaya{u2019}s responses to its experience.
The Taching oilfield: a Maoist model for economic development »
Publication date: 1974
The Taching oilfield, discovered in the late 1950s, has become China's main producer of crude oil and a national model for all industry. This paper relates the history of this remarkable complex and its development from its discovery, through the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution up to the leading position it holds today. Mrs Chan analyses Taching's pattern of development and discusses its successes and failures. She extends her discussion to embrace Mao Tse-tung's aims in economic development and also draws some conclusions about the feasibility of Maoist economic development for China. Because of the close interrelationship between social, political and economic development that exists there this paper will be of interest to all observers of China, particularly those concerned with its economic development.
Aboriginal tribes of Australia: their terrain, environmental controls, distribution, limits, and proper names »
Publication date: 1974
Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3203 1885_114913.jpg ANU Press Aboriginal tribes of Australia: their terrain, environmental controls, distribution, limits, and proper names Sunday, 18 August, 1974 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services Tindale, Norman B.
Aborigines in the Northern Territory cattle industry »
Publication date: 1974
Perhaps nowhere in Australia have working and living conditions for Aborigines been so bad as on Northern Territory cattle stations. Though the Aborigines{u2019} skill in handling cattle is acknowledged by their white employers, rarely have they gained recognition in any material way. None were paid full wages, many were fortunate if they received any cash wages at all, almost all lived in appalling conditions, and many were subjected to physical violence. These facts emerge clearly from Dr Stevens{u2019}s thorough research into the conditions obtaining on Territory pastoral properties in the 1960s. During surveys in 1965 followed up in 1967, Dr Stevens questioned employers and both black and white workers in the industry, eliciting some revealing replies. It was apparent that the Aboriginal workers were fully aware of their degraded position and the way in which they were exploited. Where possible Dr Stevens visited the Aboriginal station {u2018}camps{u2019}, though he met with opposition from some station owners, reluctant to allow him free access. In almost all of them the living conditions were primitive, the best of accommodation being little more than a corrugated iron hut. Few camps had running water or cooking facilities. In the growing awareness of the Aborigines{u2019} plight in Australia, this book is an important testimony of the conditions in which many lived and worked, conditions that must no longer be allowed to exist.
The Marquesan journal of Edward Robarts, 1797-1824 »
Publication date: 1974
Edward Robarts was among other things whaler, beachcomber, Tahitian rum producer, Tuamotuan pearler, butler in Penang, gardener and policeman in Calcutta. He deserted his ship in 1798 in the Marquesas, and lived there as a native, where he was adopted by the chiefly families, married a chief's daughter, and fought in battle as a Marquesan warrior. He spent longer in the islands than did most eighteenth century beachcombers, and got to know more about Polynesian society than did most other early observers. After leaving the Marquesas Robarts was employed in Penang as butler to a relative of the Raffles family. Raffles introduced him to Dr Leyden, under whose patronage he wrote this Journal. Now published for the first time, it is as Robarts wrote it, although Professor Dening has made some minor concessions to readability, as well as providing the invaluable introduction and annotations. Robarts's account of his Marquesan life is the single richest source of material yet published on this least known and unders tood of all Polynesian people. The scholar will find that Robarts{u2019}s ethnography modifies some later preconceptions about the Marquesas, and throws new light on the processes of cultural change in the Pacific. For the general reader the book is an enthralling autobiography of a common man who led a most uncommon life.
British immigrants and Australia: a psycho-social inquiry »
Publication date: 1974
Since World War II many thousands of Britons have emigrated to Australia, most of them to settle permanently but some to return home or move on elsewhere. Why they decided to emigrate and what changes in beliefs, attitudes and behaviour occurred after their arrival in Australia are the subject of this book. Basing his work largely on an extensive survey among assisted passage British migrants before they left Britain and after intervals of two and seven years in Australia, Dr Richardson examines the various stages through which immigrants pass in the process of settling down in their new country and he discusses the intriguing questions of why some British immigrants change to the point where they consider themselves more Australian than British while others remain inalienably British. This is an important work for theorists of immigrant behaviour - drawing as it does on the findings of other researchers in the field - and for administrators responsible for the welfare of British immigrants in Australia. The immigrants themselves will find it helpful to discover that they are not alone in their problems and perplexities.
The Australian experience: critical essays on Australian novels »
Publication date: 1974
In its challenge to look afresh at sixteen novels about the Australian experience of life - novels as different as Harris's Emigrant Family, Stow's Tourmaline, Keneally's Jimmie Blacksmith or White's Vivisector - this book adds a new dimension to Australian literary criticism. The novels range from the nineteenth century to today; their subjects are as diverse as colonial utopianism, the savagery of the convict system, the treatment of primitive peoples, war and nationalism. Yet through them all runs one universal, human theme: the search for self-understanding. Lucid and informed, on occasion provocative and contradictory, this collection of critical essays is essentially an exercise in discovery or rediscovery by many distinguished writers. Not all readers will accept these highly personal revaluations - many will be exasperated by them - but none will fail to enjoy their challenge.
The great white walls are built: restrictive immigration to North America and Australasia, 1836-1888 »
Publication date: 1974
Before the 1840s only a trickle of Cantonese 'coolies and labourers' had come to the Pacific region. But in the great goldrushes of 1848 to 1854 in California, Eastern Australia, New Zealand, and British Columbia the trickle became a flood. When gold began to peter out, the Chinese remained, enjoying a brief period of humanitarian liberalism. But in the 1870s renewed immigration aroused fear of slave labour and racist antipathy towards 'inferior' races. One by one the four areas erected barriers against the Chinese, by severe restriction on immigration and harsh discriminatory control of the settlers. In describing their evolution and growth Dr Price distinguishes common sources for what seem purely local grievances, and shows how widespread everyday pressures gave rise to policies apparently baseless and unnecessary. These policies were the great white walls', analogous with China's Great Wall built to keep out the barbarians. This humane study looks at coloured migration from the point of its victims as well as from that of the dominant white society. It shows that the notorious 'White Australia Policy' is not unique but had its counterparts in the other regions of the Pacific. It adds a new dimension to understanding the political, social, economic, and moral forces that caused savage and widespread restrictions on coloured immigration.
The economics of population: an introduction »
Publication date: 1974
The potentially explosive force of population growth poses questions to which the answers given by scientists of recent decades have often generated more heat than light. In this book we have an economist's approach to the problem. Professor Pitchford discusses the long-run relationships between a country's population and its economic development, exploring ways in which population policy can be directed towards improving economic welfare. Assuming no specialised knowledge of economics, Professor Pitchford guides his reader lucidly through the concepts of production and employment to an important reformulation of the concept of optimum population. With the help of clear diagrams he introduces the various theories of population change and standard models of population processes before returning to optimum population and practical policies for attaining balanced states. Throughout, particular stress is laid on the place in economic theory of both renewable and exhaustible resources. This is a book for students of economics, demography and ecology, for policy makers and for the growing body of people showing intelligent concern for the problems of an increasingly crowded planet.
The New Guinea memoirs of Jean Baptiste Octave Mouton »
Publication date: 1974
In 1880 young Jean Baptiste Octave Mouton left Belgium and his trade as wigmaker's apprentice to better his prospects in the Pacific. With his father, a leather worker, he joined the rascally Marquis de Rays's ill-fated colonising venture in New Ireland and stayed to become a wealthy trader and copra planter. Mouton was refreshingly free of the pompous superiority of most Europeans. He was not misled by his own preconceptions but sympathised with native feelings and perceived something of the relationship of custom to the institutions of kinship and authority. Indeed he married a local woman and adopted certain local practices - inevitable incurring the disapproval of his European fellow-settlers. His 'Memoirs', impassive, matter-of-fact and impersonal in style, illustrate a dramatic theme: the impact of European arrival on small, isolated but stable communities, and the disruption caused to traditional ways of life. Recollections such as these throw valuable light on a poorly-documented period of New Guinea history and provide an account of such colourful figures as Thomas Farrell, the legendary Queen Emma - and Mouton himself.
Beyond the village: local politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea »
Publication date: 1974
Papua New Guinea is on the verge of political independence and this volume gives important insights into the way its inhabitants are dealing with the new political institutions that have impinged upon them in the last years of colonial rule. The title suggests both the scope of the book and its main theme: it is not a study of a single village but of a district; and recent developments have widened the political horizons of its inhabitants in interesting ways. Dr Morauta shows how the people of Madang interpret the institutions of political representation; and her book gives continuity to previous studies, for it also reports on the activities of the now famous cargo cult leader Yali and his supporters. Yali{u2019}s cult has become virtually institutionalised and provides opportunities that compete with the administration{u2019}s political structures for the individual{u2019}s alignment.
A bone flute: poems »
Publication date: 1974
Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3323 1885_114924.jpg ANU Press A bone flute: poems Sunday, 18 August, 1974 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services Martin, Philip John Talbot
Voting for the Australian House of Representatives, 1901-1964 »
Publication date: 1974
This book makes available, for the Commonwealth of Australia, detailed election results from which Commonwealth sections of the Handbook of Australian Government and Politics (ANU Press, Canberra, 1968) were compiled. For 1919 and subsequent years it gives the official result for each candidate, together with his party affiliation and the percentage of the total vote he received. After 1922 it also gives the distribution of preferential votes. The official results are scattered through volumes of Commonwealth Parliamentary Papers and Commonwealth Parliamentary Handbooks; the former do not show party affiliation; the latter show it only for recent years for all candidates orfor successful candidates for all elections. Thus this work brings together a vast amount of widely scattered and detailed information, which will make it a basic research tool for students offederal history and politics of the period.
Micronesia at the crossroads: a reappraisal of the Micronesian political dilemma »
Publication date: 1974
Covering an area of the Pacific Ocean larger than the continental United States, the more than 2,000 islands and atolls of Micronesia - a United Nations strategic trust territory under U.S. trusteeship - are emerging as a political entity. Their history since the Spanish discovery in the seventeenth century is a parade of colonial rule - Spanish, German, Japanese, and now American. Today, the many islands and their diverse peoples are confronting the awesome task of determining their political future. Hampered by differences in culture and language, and by attitudes fostered under years of paternalism, the islanders must begin to develop an identity as Micronesians. As most commentary on Micronesia has been written by outsiders, this book is most welcome - an evaluation and viewpoint of a Micronesian who has been a student of Micronesian history and a close observer of the territory{u2019}s political development. In Carl Heine{u2019}s view, Micronesia is standing at the crossroads between political decolonization and autonomy or further dependence on a "neglectful" trustee, the United States. The question becomes, which road to nationalism should be taken? Here the author attempts to provide a basis for further discussion of Micronesia{u2019}s future, and offers alternative solutions: complete independence from the United States; a return to traditional ways of life; the formation of a Free Associated State of Micronesia aligned with the United States. As he comments, there are those in Micronesia who prefer Coca-Cola to coconuts, and others who prefer coconuts to Coca-Cola. Whatever the final resolution, both of these preferences must be respected and accommodated. The problems facing Micronesia are immense and pressing. Here in straightforward language is the view of the dilemma by one man - a man completely immersed in the struggle to realize the rights of 100,000 people to a better life.
The Pacific in transition: geographical perspectives on adaptation and change »
Publication date: 1973
These new essays concern the profound transformation taking place in the island communities and countries of the South Pacific, and examine the processes of adaptation to change. All the contributors write from extensive first-hand experience and research, and the volume as a whole must add significantly to understanding of the Pacific and of the problems of change throughout the Third World. In addition the essays make an important contribution to the methodology and philosophy of geography. The authors are concerned to analyse the relative value of microgeographic method and of quantification and generalization in reaching a satisfactory understanding and explanation of the social and spatial processes and patterns which were observed. They also examine the crucial problems surrounding the role of the geographer in studying a developing region. The editor writes, 'Our "view from within" does offer a different sort of geography, one imbued with conscience and social relevance which emerge necessarily from our method. This much at least we recommend to our colleagues in developed as well as developing countries.'
A Geomorphic map of the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia »
Publication date: 1973
The Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia, which extends through parts of southern New South Wales and northern Victoria, is an area of outstanding economic importance. On it has developed a large part of Australia's irrigated agriculture, and the future will see further development of its soils and water resources. The aim of this study is to bring together into a coherent whole the fragmented studies that have been carried out over the years and to amplify them by encouraging further investigation. The map shows all the information presently available, including the fluvia-tile features of the plain, classified according to their form and as interpreted from aerial photographs, and some field traverses in areas where the features are indistinct. Aeolian features are also classified and mapped. This map, with its accompanying detailed descriptive text, gives the first unified picture of the plain. It will be invaluable in the further development of the region, which can only be successfully carried out, and mistakes of the past avoided, if the formation and composition of the plain are fully understood by those responsible for planning.
Immigrants and politics »
Publication date: 1973
The great post-war immigration boom has affected Australian society in many ways. Little is known, however, about how New Australians have affected, and been affected by the Australian political system. This study, carried out in Brisbane, is concerned with the two largest groups of post-war immigrants, the British and Italian. Drawing on carefully designed social surveys, the author describes the processes by which the immigrants adapt to the Australian political scene He examines the degree of their political participation, compares their political behaviour in Australia with that in their countries of oiigin, and looks at the way feelings of satisfaction and identification with the new homeland are related to political interest and activity. Australians have a reputation for political apathy. The newcomers appear to reflect this apathy; yet in the United States ethnic politics is well advanced, with solid blocks of Jewish, Irish, Italian, and Negro voters. Why should Australia be different? This question is among the many tackled by the author. Answers do not always come readily, but the results of the survey add significantly to our knowledge of Australia's immigrant population. The book is essential reading for political scientists, sociologists, and psychologists, and will interest all people who want to know more about the impact of new settlers upon the Australian way of life.
The South Sea Islanders and the Queensland labour trade »
Publication date: 1973
'South Sea Islanders and the Queensland Labour Trade' was first published in 1893. It is an exciting first hand account of a trade never free from violence and controversy and at the same time a valuable document on inter-racial contact and race relations. Wawn recruited or repatriated island labourers in every area - the New Hebrides, the Solomons, New Britain, New Ireland, the New Guinea off-shore islands and the Gilberts. He encountered every hazard of the trade from shipwreck to murder and wrote a vivid account of his voyages. But his book is not just an adventure story. It is an important source of information on the Queensland labour trade by a man with keen powers of observation and a ready pen. We need, then, to know something about Wawn himself, the man and his background. This Peter Corris tells us in his well researched introduction. In the course of his inquiry Dr Corris spent some months in Queensland, the Solomons and Fiji, talking with former recruits and their descendants - including those of an important island chief who was well-known to Wawn - and in England investigating Wawn{u2019}s background. The results of his work enhance the value of the book and the reader gains insight into a very human man with human failings, at times irascible and intolerant, who tries to cast the best light on events that are not always so favourably recorded in the logs of his voyages. Whether this book is read as a basic work on the Pacific island labour trade or as an exciting story, it will hold the reader enthralled to the end.