Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority, 205
Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972, 176, 203, 205
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, 277
Aboriginal corporations, 278, 279, 287, 294
Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act (ACAA) 1976, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, 278
Aboriginal Land Act 1974 (ALA), (QLD), 274, 275, 295
            inalienable freehold title under, 277, 278
Aboriginal Land Commissioner, 226, 268
Aboriginal Land Councils, 260
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (ALRA), ix, 3, 177, 202, 223, 230, 244, 247, 249, 260
            definition of ‘traditional owners’ under, 228
Aboriginal Land Rights Commission (1973), ix, 228
Aboriginal Land Trust (NT), 177, 249
Aboriginal Land Trusts (ALTs) (QLD), 275, 277, 279
Aboriginal Lands Trust (WA), 176, 177
Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act 1978, 247
Aboriginal Sacred Sites Protection Authority (ASSPA), 8, 247, 248, 249-51, 253, 258, 260
            contest with NLC, 261-7
Action Team, 152, 153, 154, 162
agriculture, 144
alienated land (see also ‘unalienated land’), 143, 145, 158
alienation of land, 60
alienability of land (see also ‘inalienability’), 47
alienable property, 46
alienation of rights, 53
Anthropological Forum, 161
Asian Development bank, 151
Aurukun Shire Council, 283, 284, 286, 289
Australian colonial law, 137
Australian colonial paternalism, 156
Australian Conservation Foundation, 265
Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, 264

Bardi, the 5, 7, 199, 200, 201, 204, 206, 208
            local organisation, 215-6
Barnes, John, xi
Barnett Inquiry, the, 145, 146, 150
BHP (see also ‘Broken Hill Pty Ltd’), 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 267
Bougainville Copper Limited, 156
Bougainville rebellion, 30, 143, 146, 147, 156, 157
boundaries, 191, 192
            maintenance of in PNG, 135-73
bounded groups, 178-9, 190-1
Brennan, Justice, ix
bridewealth, 130, 131
Bridge, K.W.T., 184
British Petroleum (BP), 153
British Petroleum and Oil Search, 105, 108, 112
Broken Hill Pty Ltd (BHP), 251
Brown, John, 40
Bruce, J.S., 181
Bula dreaming, 253, 264
Bula sites, 262, 267, 268
buru, 209, 214
            Bardi and Jawi, 210, 211, 215, 216

‘cadastral landscape’, 5
Callie-Dead Bullock Soak, 230
Cape York Peninsula, 275
            Aboriginal land tenure on, 277-8, 285
            Coen subregion, 276, 281, 285-6
                        PBC model in, 290-2
            managing Aboriginal land title, 273-97
            Wik subregion and people, 276, 277, 283-5, 286
                        PBC model in, 287-90
care centre, 40, 41, 42
cash cropping, 48
cash crops, 40, 44
Central Desert Joint Venture, 230
Central Desert Land Trust, 226
Central Land Council, 4, 223, 224, 228
Chan government, the, 150
Chevron Niugini Limited (CNGL), 30, 66, 97, 98, 99, 102, 107, 117, 118, 121, 147, 151, 158
clan, 9, 103
            as social security network, 42
            ‘segments’, 104
            ‘special purpose’, 67
‘clan diasporas’, 81
clan-finding, 57-72
clan groups, 213
clan-making, 57-72
clanship, 63, 64, 65
            ‘invention of’, 162
            as legible tradition, 65-8
            presumption of, 66, 69
Clapp, George, 153, 156
Clifford, James, 90
Coen Regional Aboriginal Corporation, 290, 291
Colonial Codification, 119
colonisation, 7
commercialisation, 137
Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters (CILM), ix, xii, 3, 18, 19, 23, 26, 35, 118, 143, 145, 163, 164
commodification, 49, 50
Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP), 203, 204, 293
Community Oil Palm Development, 160,
Community Services (Torres Strait Islands) Act 1984, 183
Companies Act (PNG), 30, 33
compensation payments (see also ‘royalties/benefits’), 135
            resource, 138, 139-42, 147, 156, 164, 165, 166
connection to country, 214, 215
Coronation Hill, 8, 225, 247-72
            gold deposits, 251
            Joint Venture, 251, 264
            uranium mining, 251
‘corporation’, the, 5
            indigenous forms of, 8, 212
            Western, 126, 212
costeaning, 238, 241
Country Liberal Party, 250
Crocombe, Professor Ron, 26
Crown Land, vacant/unallocated, 203
‘custom’ (see also ‘kastam/kastom’), 8, 138
            flexibility of, 137
            lands, groups, boundaries as elements of, 136-8
            law and development, 137
            reconciling with development, 136
customary communal landownership, 1
            as impediment to economic development, 1, 9
            as spur to development, 43
            recognition of, 31, 33, 60, 63
customary land law (PNG), 142-6
customary land registration, 2, 4, 5, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 101, 164
Customary Land Registration Act/Regulation, 21, 144, 148
Customary Land Registration Areas (CLRAs), 20, 21
customary land tenure
            Melanesian, 34, 39
            in Africa, 1-2
            in PNG, 15, 20, 60, 66, 129,
customary law, 7, 119, 128-30, 163, 175
customary obligations, 55
customary ownership, 4
customary ritual, 55
customary social groups, 7, 15, 161, 164
            museological approaches to, 75, 76, 80
            poetic-pragmatic approaches to, 76, 77
            registration, 99
‘cut up the pig’, 114

Dampierland Aboriginal communities, 199
Dampierland Peninsula, 7, 200, 203, 207
Dauan Island, 179
Dauan people, 179, 180, 190, 192
Deed of Grant in Trust Lands (DOGITs), 277, 278, 279, 284, 295
development aid, 15
Dispute Settlement Authority, 100, 109, 126
Djarindjin, 200, 201, 204
DOGIT settlements, 283, 284
Douglas, John, 181
dreaming, the (see also ‘jukurrpa’), 225, 231
dreamings, 225
dreams, measurement of, 241, 244

East New Britain, 43
            land, 39-56
            commercialisation of custom, 54
            forfeit policy, 41, 42
                        non-customary, 41
                        reform, 44
            Resettlement Committee, 42, 44
            volcanic eruption, 40, 53, 54
East Sepik, 3,
            Customary Land Register, 22
            land legislation of 1987, 17-23, 36
East Sepik Customary Land Registration Act (1987), 16, 19, 20-1, 22
East Sepik Land Act (1987), 16, 19-20
economy, indigenous peasant, 135
environmental movement, 256
Epstein, Bill, 47, 51, 53
Ernst, Dr Tom, 30
Evans-Pritchard, E.E., x, 88, 118, 124, 132
Exploration and Mining Leases, 145
Exploration Licence Applications, 228, 232, 234, 241

Fitzroy Crossing, 203, 204
Foi, the 6, 66, 128
            fragmentation of clans, 129, 130-1
            ILG, 117-34
                        as strategic device, 121
                        conflict within, 125-7
                        fragmentation of, 123-4
Forest Industries Association, 149
Forest Management Agreements, 149, 150
forestry, 34, 177
Forestry Act (PNG), 30, 145, 149, 159
            ‘resource acquisition’, 148
Forestry (Private Dealings) Act (1971), 145
Fortes, Meyer, x
Fraser government, the, x
French, Justice, 217
Frieda Mine Landowners’ Association, 63

‘Gas-to-Queensland’ Project, 105
Gazelle Peninsula, 39, 46, 52
Gazelle Restoration Authority, 41
Gimbat station, 251, 253, 256, 260, 262, 264
Gobe Project Area, 151, 153
            distribution of benefits, 151
Goodparla station, 253, 260, 264
Gordon, Sir Arthur, 175
Gove case, the, x

Hand, Gerry, 265
Hasluck, Paul, x, 24, 142, 163
Hawke, Bob, 248
Hidden Valley, 184, 186, 191
Hides Gas Project, 9, 102, 105-15, 125, 153
Highlands Gold/Pacific, 63
Hindmarsh Island, 247
Howard, John, 1
Hughes, Helen, 15, 35
Huli, the, 9, 153
            land tenure system, 105, 106
                        boundary demarcation, 106, 108
                        ‘stock clans’, 106
migrant groups, 106

identity
            the politics of, 57-72
                        forging in Porgera, 73-96
                        indigenous, 75
                        reconfiguring, 69
‘ideology of landownership’, 12
ILG Breakout Group, 152, 153
inalienability of land, 50, 60
incorporated land groups (ILGs) (PNG), 21, 27, 31, 97-105, 145, 166, 177
            approaches to formation, 104-5
            as dispute-settlement authorities, 27, 28
            breakdown of operations, 34
            bribery and corruption within, 33, 35
            the Foi, 117-34
            ‘zone’ concept, 108-14
incorporation, 165
            applications for, 29
            of land groups (PNG), 23-31, 142, 153, 163, 164, 165
                        in petroleum and forest sectors, 146-50
            of outstations, 199-221
            the process of, 5, 7, 66
Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs), 279, 292, 293
indigenous self-determination, 255
individualisation (of property rights), 1, 2, 18
individuation of tenure, 75
Ipili, the, 9, 77, 78, 79, 89, 153
            sociality, 80-4
                        apical ancestors, 81, 82, 83
                        ‘view and translate’ approach, 80, 88
Iralim, 179-80

Jangala, 236
Jawi, the, 5, 199, 200, 201, 204, 208
Jawoyn Association, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 267
Jawoyn (Gimbat Area) Land Claim, 268, 270
Jawoyn (Katherine Area) Land Claim, 255
Jawoyn language group, 253, 255, 269, 270
            opposition to mining project, 257, 259
Jawoyn Working Group, 266, 267
Jorgensen, Dan, 161
Josif Report, the, 267
jukurrpa (see also ‘the dreaming’), 225, 226, 229, 231, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242-4
justiciability, 128
justiciable law, 131

Kakadu National Park, 248, 252, 254, 268
Kakadu Stage III, 256, 258, 264, 266, 267
            Conservation Zone, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268
kakalei, 42, 51
Kanawi, Josepha, 8
Kartangarurru-Kurintji, 226
kastam/kastom (see also ‘custom’), 39, 57, 112, 114, 137, 164
Katherine Area Land Claim, 268
Katherine Gorge National Park, 255
kiap, 84, 85, 156, 157, 163
klan, 164
Kimberley Land Council, 199, 212
Kimberley region, 200, 203
kinship, cognatic, 63
kirda, 243
Koyama, Samuel, 32
Kugu-Nganychara, the, xi
kulia, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 55
            as a commodity transaction, 50
Kurubu Ipara, 85
Kutubu Joint Venture, 148, 150, 153, 156
Kutubu Petroleum Development Licence
            and Pipeline Licence, 147
Kutubu region, 102
            ILG in, 117-34
            oilfields, the, 30, 31, 66, 68

Lalor, W.A. (Peter), 24
land
            as commodity, 48, 54
            protecting Aboriginal interests in, 247
Land Act (PNG), 79, 105, 121, 146, 156, 159, 176
            ‘lease-leaseback’ clause, 145, 160
Land and Sea Management Agencies, 280, 285, 292
Land Councils, 280
Land Disputes Settlement Act (PNG), 18, 143, 156
Land Groups Incorporation Act 1974 (LGIA) (PNG), ix, xii, 2, 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27-31, 32, 35, 98, 100, 105, 111, 112, 117, 126, 136, 143, 145, 146, 153, 177
Land Registration Act, 159
Land Registration (Communally Owned Land) Ordinance 1962, 17
Land Regulation (PNG), 21
Land Rights Act (NT), xi
land tenure
            Aboriginal systems of, 273, 274, 295
            clan-based, 60
            politics of, 204-7
Land Tenure (Conversion) Ordinance (1963), 17, 143
Land Titles Commission(ers) (PNG), 8, 17, 19, 120, 127, 146, 159
Landowner Associations, 100, 101, 111
Landowner Companies, 100, 101, 135
Landowner Negotiating Committee, 79, 80
Landowners, Developers and State,
            relationship between, 137, 140, 141, 165
landownership, 213
            Aboriginal, 274
            boundary maintenance, 135-73
            concept of, 120
            identification of (see also ‘traditional owners’), 175
            ideology of, 60, 164, 165, 166
            ‘traditional’, 123
Lea, David, 33, 34
‘legal transformations’, 36
‘legibility’, 57, 58, 59-60, 63, 66, 68
Levi-Strauss, 89, 90
Lockhart River Shire Council, 286
Logging and Marketing Agreement, 145
Lombadina, 200, 209
Lynch, C.J. (Joe), x, 23, 24, 25, 26

Mabo case, 181, 183, 195
Mabo decision, ix, 3, 10, 11
            second, 177
Maddock, Kenneth, 119, 120
Madja, 213
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 36
mapping
            difficulties in, 240
            indigenous ownership, 5
                        mining model, 240-4, 244
            social, 113
            sacred sites, 4, 27, 231, 234, 285
Markell, Patchen, 75, 91
matrifiliates, 216
matrilineal systems, 39, 45, 53, 106
Matupi, the, 50, 53, 55
Matupit, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 51, 55
            customary land transactions, 53
            customary relations in, 48, 49,
Meggitt, M.J., x
Melanesian capitalism, 75
Melanesian ‘heavy industry’
            mining, 139, 155
            oil and gas, 139, 155
            oil palm, 139
            timber (logging), 139, 155
Melanesian legal principles, 128, 129
‘Melanesian Way’, 57, 58-60, 65, 67, 69, 137
Mer Island, 11
Mer Gedkem Le, 181, 183
Meriam people, 11, 182, 190, 195
Miller, Daniel, 78
mineral exploitation/exploration, 63, 67, 120
            in Aboriginal land, 223
Mining Act (PNG), 79, 157, 158
Mining (Ok Tedi Agreement) Act 1976, 180, 193
mining
            politics, 65
            projects (PNG), 59-72
            role of state in,
Miriuwung Gajerrong (Ward) decision, 7
missions, 277
modernisation, 137
Modernities in Melanesia, 77
modernity, 77, 90
Muiyoke Pty, 122, 129
Mundine, Warren, 1
Murray Island Court, 181, 182, 183, 196
Mye OAM, George, 195
Myers, Fred, xi

Nakuwi Association, 184
Namatanai Open Electorate, 162
Nangala, 236
National Forest Service, 149, 150
National Forestry Development Guidelines, 149
National Indigenous Council, 1
National Native Title Register, 199
National Native Title Tribunal, 178, 183
National Park Boards of Management, 290
Native Title Act (NTA) (1993), ix, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 89, 177, 199, 206, 212, 273, 295
native title claimants
            Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, 275
            in Queensland (see also ‘PBC’), 274, 278
            ‘tenure resolution’ process, 274
native title claims
            Alyawarr, 7
            Bardi and Jawi, 217
            Wanjina (Neowarra), 7
Native Title Representative Body, 176, 178
Nauti, the, 190, 192, 194, 195
            the case of, 184-8
Neate, Graeme, 4
‘Neo-Melanesian’ mindscape, 164
Nena/Frieda mining project, 61
Nena/Frieda prospect, 61, 64
Nenataman, 61, 63, 65, 68, 69
New Britain Palm Oil Ltd, 160
Noonkanbah, 225, 247
Normandy NFM, 229, 230, 240
Northern Land Council, 8, 247, 248, 249-51, 253, 256, 258
            contest with ASSPA, 261-7
            role of, 258-60
Northern Territory
            economic development of, 264
            self-government, 227
Northern Territory Government, 228, 232, 249
            Department of Mines and Energy, 229, 232
            opposition to land claims, 227
Northern Territory Act, xii
Northern Territory Mining Act 1980, 228
nuclear family, 39, 40, 45

Office of the Registrar of Aboriginal
            Corporations (ORAC), 178
Oil and Gas Act 1998 (PNG), 31, 98, 111, 113, 154, 158, 194
            land groups in, 150-5
Oil and Gas (Amendment) Act (2001), 154
oil and gas projects, 177
oil palm schemes, 158, 159
Ok Tedi River, 180
Ona, Francis, 146
Onabasulu, 66, 103, 104
One Arm Point, 200, 201, 203, 204
Organic Law on Provincial Government and Local-Level Governments, 19, 112, 150
outstation movement, 202-4,
            in Queensland, 284
            in Western Australia, 203, 215, 216
                        decentralisation of, 215
outstation settlement, 204-5
outstations, 7
            incorporation of, 199-221
Owen, Captain, 181
‘owned commons’, 173-98

Panguna copper mine, 157
Panguna Landowners Association, 146, 156
Papua New Guinea (see also ‘PNG’)
            Australian Administration, 17, 18, 44, 51, 55, 78
            Constitution, 18, 19, 24, 35, 137
                        ‘Eight Aims’/Eight Point Plan, 58, 59
                        National Goals and Directive Principles of, 18, 36
            Constitutional Planning Committee, 163
            Department of Lands and Physical Planning, 98, 121, 149
            Department of Minerals and Energy, 84, 98
            Department of Mining and Petroleum, 33
            Department of National Planning and Implementation, 152
            Department of Petroleum and Energy (DPE), 98, 100, 107, 121
            Gas Project, 9, 108, 112
            Gas Project Social Impact Assessment (2005), 113
            Independence, x, 57
            Law Reform Commission, 60
            Plantation Redistribution Scheme, 26, 28
            Post Courier, 15, 160, 161
            Provincial Government Lands Division, 42, 52
            Urban Settlement Planning Project, 29, 30
pastoral leases, 274
patrifiliates, 209, 213, 216
patrifiliation, 208
patrilineal descent groups (‘clans’), xii, 67, 106, 184, 185, 186, 187, 226, 242
patrilineal rights, 46
Pennefather, Captain, 180, 181
Petroleum Act (PNG), 121, 151
Petroleum Development Licence (PDL) areas, 99, 100, 101, 102, 118, 129
Petroleum (Project Benefits) Act, 152, 154
Petroleum Prospecting and Development
            Licences, 145
Petroleum Retention Licence, 112
pigs
            ceremonial kills, 114
            customary exchange of, 109
            fights over, 131
Pintupu, the, xi
Pipeline Licence, 99
Pirandello, Luigi, 73, 74, 76, 80, 88
place, indigenous relations to, 11
Placer Dome, 78, 79
places of significance, 8
PNG (see also ‘Papua New Guinea’)
            landowner registration, 3
            ‘land summit’ (2005), 15
            mineral exploration/extraction, 3, 12
            oil and gas development in, 97
‘politics of acknowledgement’, 75, 91
Porgera Agreements, 84, 86
            authorised agents, 84, 86, 87, 88
Porgera district, 9,
            forging landowner identity in, 73-96
            ‘seven-clan system’, 78-80, 84
            sub-clans, 86
Porgera gold mine, 74, 77, 79, 90, 105, 153
Porgera Land Study, 84-8
Port Moresby riots, 12
Power, Tony, 30, 31, 74, 118, 121, 125, 126, 130, 147, 149, 156, 161, 162, 163
prescribed body corporate, 7
Prescribed Bodies Corporate (PBCs), 178, 195,
            under ACAA, 278-82
                        Coen subregion model, 290-2
                        Wik subregion model, 287-90
            under NTA, 211-2, 275
Provincial Land Act (PNG), 148
proximate title, 10
            group ownership of, 178-9
            handling of (Australia), 177-8
            handling of (PNG), 176-7

Rabaul, 39, 41, 44
Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., x, 8, 119
Ramu Sugar Ltd, 160
Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry, 253
Reeves Review, 224
Registered Native Title Body Corporate, 199
Registrar of Aboriginal Corporations, 205
Registrar of Incorporated Land Groups, 27, 30
Registrar of Titles (ROT), 98, 100, 107
Reid, John, 84, 86
‘replacement paradigm’, 24
resource acquisition and land tenure, 211
Resource Assessment Commission, 267, 268, 270
resource boom, 5
resource dependency, 135, 139
resource developers, 93, 98, 99,
resource development, 135, 138
resource industry, 5
resource rents and incomes, 5
Richardson, Graham, 265
royalties/benefits (see also ‘compensation payments’), 60, 223, 232
            distribution of, 31, 68, 101, 105, 114, 117, 120, 123, 127, 136, 155, 243, 244

Sawiyanoo, 67
Scott, James, 74
Seeing Like A State, 74
Sikut, 40, 42, 43, 55
Six Characters in Search of an Author, 73, 88, 89
Smith, Adam, 139
Somare, Michael, 18
Somare government, the, x
Special Mining Lease, 79, 80, 86
Special Purpose Lease, 203
Sunday Island, 209
Sunday Island Mission, 210

Tanami Desert, 223
            creation of blocks, 232
            gold exploration and mining in, 227, 229-31, 233, 244
            land claims in, 226-8
            mineral royalties, 223
            mining leases, 224
Tanami Joint Venture, 229
Task Force on Customary Land Issues, 144
Telefol settlements, 61
Telefolmin, 61, 62, 63
terra nullius, 181
Thursday Island, 181, 183
Timber permits, 145, 149, 150
Timber Rights Purchase Agreements, 146
Tindale, Norman, 4
Tolai, the, 5, 39, 42, 52
            land tenure, 10
            society, 45
tombeni akali, 83, 88
Toohey, Justice, ix
ToPirit, 42, 43, 44
Torres Strait Islands, 11, 176
Torres Strait Regional Authority, 196
traditional land, force collectivisation of, 195
traditional owners, 176, 270
            approaches to identification of, 176-88
‘tribe’, concept of, 11
Turama Forest Industries, 149

unalienated land, 260
underlying title, 10, 176
unilineal descent, 9, 10, 67, 163
            African model, 163, 165
United Aborigines Mission, 201
United Nations Food and Agriculture
            Organization (FAO), 23
Untou solution, 65
Untoumin, 62
            reinvention of, 64
Upper South Alligator Bula Complex, 256

vandalism, 285
Vanstone, Amanda, 1
Von Sturmer, John, xi

Wagner, Roy, 68-9
wantoks, 86
Ward, Dr Alan, 26
Warlpiri (yapa), the, 10, 223, 231, 241
            conceptions of space and place, 223, 225, 238, 241, 244
            gradation of place, 243
            mining agreements, 229
            places of significance (see also ‘mapping’), 223, 227, 231, 233, 234, 235, 241
            relations to the land, 224
            site clearance, 238, 239
                        freeze-frame methodology, 236-7
            social categories, 235-6
work area clearance, 239-40
Western administration, 175
Western legal forms, 8, 75, 91, 175, 194
Wik Native Title High Court Action (see
            also ‘Cape York Peninsula’), 283
Woodward, A.E., x
Wopkaimin, 190, 191, 192, 193
World Bank, 15, 19, 22, 30, 41, 59, 149, 159, 164
            Land Evaluation and Demarcation
            (LEAD) project, 22
            Land Mobilisation Project (LMP), 22
            Project Identification Mission, 22
Wudal, 44, 45, 46, 55

Yakaya Business Group, 187
yame, 9, 82, 83
Yorta Yorta decision, 10