Displaying results 1411 to 1420 of 2634.

Constitutional responsibility for education in Australia »

Publication date: 1975

The Australian Constitution makes no reference to education as one of the responsibilities transferred by the states to the central government. Yet the Australian Government is very much involved, both in financing education in the states and also in its future development. Is the Australian Government usurping states{u2019} rights? This book examines the development of central government involvement in education, and its justification, in particular the {u2018}benefits to students{u2019} clause in the 1946 social services amendment to the Constitution. Leading court cases concerning these powers, decided in the High Court of Australia, suggest that the central government does have authority for its actions. Clearly, the book is of fundamental importance for educationists, states-righters, and lawyers, amongst others, and its implications are far reaching.

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Contention and dispute: aspects of law and social control in Melanesia »

Publication date: 1974

Law pervades the social, political, and economic aspects of the lives of all people in all communities. In Papua New Guinea, as in many emerging nations, however, law is not always the panoplied abstraction of western nations; rather, it is the customary law, in which discussions and arguments about disputes within the groups are carried on until consensus is reached. Contention and Dispute presents several case histories from different parts of Papua New Guinea showing what people argue about and how they settle their differences. Each is analysed in terms of its context of place, social conditions, disputants, and personalities. Each exemplifies customary law in action, in native courts that are often vigorous, downright, earthy - and devious. Each is a community affair, utterly remote from the formality of western courts, and is at once a means of restoring the status quo and a platform for personal and political ambitions. A fundamental problem for Papua New Guinea today is to lay the foundations for a nationally acceptable system that will combine the legal needs, in national and international terms, with a customary law that is different from but not inferior to introduced law. This book provides an essential background for the solution.

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Problem of choice: land in Papua New Guinea's future »

Publication date: 1974

For the peoples of Papua New Guinea land is overwhelmingly important, not only as the sole means of life but also for what it means in their culture. It is inalienable; it came to them from all their forebears, and it will belong to all their descendants. Its emotional and spiritual significance evokes from them a religio-mystical response completely alien to the Western attitude that land is just another commodity. Yet, for a developing nation, land is also a commodity - to be bought and sold for large-scale agriculture, to be mined, to be used for commerce and agriculture, schools and cities. Thus there is an inherent conflict between traditional and potential uses reflecting a profound conflict of values and attitudes. As Papua New Guinea approaches independence, no problem is of greater importance than the role of land, for no other issue is potentially so violently divisive. Is it to be a national estate? Is it to be owned and used individually, co-operatively, corporately? What will be the impact on the whole social fabric of the country and the lives of its people? In essays expressing every shade of opinion from expatriate detachment or involved commitment and conviction to indigenous bewilderment, rage, frustration, or sense of betrayal, the authors in this book examine some aspects of these extremely complex problems. For the future unity and security of the country the answer is crucial. It is one that the Papua New Guineans alone must make. But there is no easy answer, no simple solution, to their Problem of Choice.

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A show of justice: racial 'amalgamation' in nineteenth century New Zealand »

Publication date: 1974

A Show of Justice looks at New Zealand in the nineteenth century when British officials and humanitarians attempted through assimilation to save the Maori from destruction by the tide of European settlement. This policy, and the special administrative and judicial machinery set up to implement it, helped avert the situations in which the American Indians and Australian Aborigines find themselves. Nevertheless, it led to the subjugation of the Maori under {u2018}a show of justice'. Using the records of the old Native Department, Dr Ward probes the attitudes of Maori and settlers towards each other. He shows how, in practice, the settlers both refused to recognise Maori political and judicial institutions and, lest it enabled them to keep their lands closed to settlement, denied them a genuine share in the new state. He reveals, too, how under settler pressure the special machinery set up to involve the Maori was hastily abolished, a step which has since contributed to keeping the two races apart. Maori are now demanding honest answers to many unanswered questions. In this book they, and all concerned with the problems of race relations, will find a basis for some of the answers. And at a time when nations are being made acutely aware of the aspirations of their minority races, national leaders would benefit from a long hard look at New Zealand's experience.

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Words and their meanings »

Publication date: 1974

Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3343 1885_114904.jpg ANU Press Words and their meanings Sunday, 18 August, 1974 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services Ullmann, Stephen

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Church and state in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist missionaries and political development, 1822-1875 »

Publication date: 1974

Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3119 1885_114697.jpg ANU Press Church and state in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist missionaries and political development, 1822-1875 Sunday, 18 August, 1974 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services L??t??kefu, Sione

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'Not a white woman safe': sexual anxiety and politics in Port Moresby, 1920-1934 »

Publication date: 1974

Sexual anxiety, bordering on panic, in the Australian colonial town of Port Moresby - 'Port' - during the 1920s is the theme of this book. Port Moresby was more white, more Protestant, more homogeneous than comparable towns like Darwin or Rabaul. Its Papuan inhabitants were considered low on the ladder of civilisation and were despised for trying to climb up it. At the same time they were feared. Liaison with a black, demeaning to a white man, was regarded as defilement to a white woman, and the Papuans were believed to be primitives, unable to control their sexual appetites. Panic and political passion forced Administrator Hubert Murray, whose native policy was criticised as {u2018}lenient{u2019}, to introduce the savagely discriminatory White Women's Protection Ordinance. It stated that anyone who raped or attempted to rape a white woman or girl would be hanged. Mrs Inglis tells the stories of two Papuans convicted under the Ordinance and shows how guilt over the conduct of the trials and over the public hanging of one of the m en clouded the judgment of the white residents so that they became incapable of telling the truth about the incidents, then or later. She questions their belief, ironically shared by Papuans, that white women, sometimes unwittingly, provoked the attacks by immodest behaviour and demonstrates that the Ordinance was the logical outcome of hurt male prestige, authority, and racial pride. The Ordinance was revoked in 1958.

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The broken years: Australian soldiers in the Great War »

Publication date: 1974

Before the First World War most Australians shared the emotions and traditions of the British Empire. Proud of their British heritage, anxious to raise the Imperial status of Australia, they were eager to fight and, if need be, to die in defence of their race and country. But the horror and tragedy of the conflict brought fundamental changes in outlook. Many of the pre-war enthusiasms persisted, but the days of unquestioning allegiance to Empire were beginning to come to an end, to be replaced by the bittersweet tradition of Anzac. Dr Gammage shows how and why these changes took place. Using the diaries and letters of one thousand front-line soldiers of the First Australian Imperial Force, most of them now part of a unique collection housed in the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, he reconstructs the motives and expectations with which these men volunteered and the experiences they encountered. He highlights and examines the new attitudes to war and to the homeland that developed and foreshadows the important effects in Australia of the changed outlook brought home by the survivors. Those who have returned from war will recognise immediately the raw realities faced by the 'diggers', the growing disillusionment, and the hopes for the future. Those with fathers, husbands, or brothers who served, and all those concerned with what happens to men at war, cannot fail to be moved by the simple dignity of the men{u2019}s accounts, or by the understated courage with which they wrote to their families of the miseries they endured. This book, written with sensitivity and scholarly care, must be read if we are to understand war and its impact on the ethos of a nation.

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Irian Jaya: the transformation of a Melanesian economy »

Publication date: 1974

In 1963 Indonesia took over the former Dutch colony of West New Guinea. In the decade since, this large resource-rich Melanesian area, now Irian Jaya, has undergone rapid change to become an integrated province of the comparatively resource-poor Republic of Indonesia. Under the culturally alien Dutch administration change was slow and felt predominantly in the towns. Under the equally alien Indonesian administration the pace of change has accelerated and the effects have been more dramatic, even traumatic. Irian Jaya towns have now been substantially integrated into the Indonesian system - development programs have had marked effects on education, money, labour and commodity markets, transport and communications, and the utilisation of forest, mineral and fish resources. These effects have not always benefited the Irianese people and the gap between the modern economy and the villages still pursuing a Melanesian way of life is increasing. The Irian Jaya experience, traced in this book, is of great importance to those concerned with the future of Papua New Guinea, of the Melanesian economies to its east, and of the Southeast Asian economies to its west. Little use has so far been made of this rich source of comparative data and the authors have here, for the first time, assembled in a concise and interesting form Irian Jaya{u2019}s responses to its experience.

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The Taching oilfield: a Maoist model for economic development »

Publication date: 1974

The Taching oilfield, discovered in the late 1950s, has become China's main producer of crude oil and a national model for all industry. This paper relates the history of this remarkable complex and its development from its discovery, through the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution up to the leading position it holds today. Mrs Chan analyses Taching's pattern of development and discusses its successes and failures. She extends her discussion to embrace Mao Tse-tung's aims in economic development and also draws some conclusions about the feasibility of Maoist economic development for China. Because of the close interrelationship between social, political and economic development that exists there this paper will be of interest to all observers of China, particularly those concerned with its economic development.

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