Displaying results 1401 to 1410 of 2610.

Bloody Buna: the campaign that halted the Japanese invasion of Australia, maps drawn by A.S. Hardyman »

Publication date: 1975

In 1942 the Australian 16th and 25th AIF Brigades, supported by militiamen of the 3rd Battalion, forced the Japanese back over the KokodaTrail and into a narrow strip in the Buna-Gona-Sanananda area along the northern New Guinea coast. It was decided the Australians would clear the Gona-Sanananda area; the Americans would attack Buna. The inexperienced 32nd U.S. Infantry Division gathered south of Buna, and on 19 November 1942 the confident main American assault began. The veteran Japanese jungle fighters, recently reinforced, were ready. They had constructed an elaborate defensive system of dirtcovered coconut-log bunkers; swamps; flooded rivers, rain, mud and the kunai hampered the Americans; thickly-foliaged trees made air strikes nearly impossible, and faulty intelligence reports gave a totally inaccurate assessment of the Japanese strength. By December the attack on Buna had halted. Poorly trained and equipped, discipline gone, hungry, dirty and ill, the Americans were reluctant to move. Lieutenant-General Eichelberger, sent in by the impatient Supreme Commander, General MacArthur, ordered a major reorganisation, and new attacks were mounted. But the bloody Buna battle again ground to a stalemate. Australia's 18th Brigade and other troops, equipped with long overdue tanks and artillery, joined in whilst other Australian forces pressed on with their task at Gona-Sanananda. The Japanese fought with fanatical resolve but the weight of the Australian-American attacks finally told, and on 2 January 1943 the Americans took Buna government station to end one of the most desperate campaigns of the entire Pacific war. In Bloody Buna senior U.S. Army historian Lida Mayo describes the affair in authentic and gripping detail. Her narrative is sharpened with interviews and private accounts, and she leaves no doubts about the crushing mental pressures, physical ordeals, brutalities, and macabre horrors of the struggle. Nor does she fail to analyse the problems created by the remoteness of higher command from the scene of action.

View title

The classification of Australian local authorities »

Publication date: 1975

Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/2939 1885_114792.jpg ANU Press The classification of Australian local authorities Monday, 18 August, 1975 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services Harris, C. P.

View title

Building a terrace »

Publication date: 1975

Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3469 1885_114713.jpg ANU Press Building a terrace Monday, 18 August, 1975 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services Brissenden, R. F

View title

Constitutional responsibility for education in Australia »

Publication date: 1975

The Australian Constitution makes no reference to education as one of the responsibilities transferred by the states to the central government. Yet the Australian Government is very much involved, both in financing education in the states and also in its future development. Is the Australian Government usurping states{u2019} rights? This book examines the development of central government involvement in education, and its justification, in particular the {u2018}benefits to students{u2019} clause in the 1946 social services amendment to the Constitution. Leading court cases concerning these powers, decided in the High Court of Australia, suggest that the central government does have authority for its actions. Clearly, the book is of fundamental importance for educationists, states-righters, and lawyers, amongst others, and its implications are far reaching.

View title

Contention and dispute: aspects of law and social control in Melanesia »

Publication date: 1974

Law pervades the social, political, and economic aspects of the lives of all people in all communities. In Papua New Guinea, as in many emerging nations, however, law is not always the panoplied abstraction of western nations; rather, it is the customary law, in which discussions and arguments about disputes within the groups are carried on until consensus is reached. Contention and Dispute presents several case histories from different parts of Papua New Guinea showing what people argue about and how they settle their differences. Each is analysed in terms of its context of place, social conditions, disputants, and personalities. Each exemplifies customary law in action, in native courts that are often vigorous, downright, earthy - and devious. Each is a community affair, utterly remote from the formality of western courts, and is at once a means of restoring the status quo and a platform for personal and political ambitions. A fundamental problem for Papua New Guinea today is to lay the foundations for a nationally acceptable system that will combine the legal needs, in national and international terms, with a customary law that is different from but not inferior to introduced law. This book provides an essential background for the solution.

View title

Problem of choice: land in Papua New Guinea's future »

Publication date: 1974

For the peoples of Papua New Guinea land is overwhelmingly important, not only as the sole means of life but also for what it means in their culture. It is inalienable; it came to them from all their forebears, and it will belong to all their descendants. Its emotional and spiritual significance evokes from them a religio-mystical response completely alien to the Western attitude that land is just another commodity. Yet, for a developing nation, land is also a commodity - to be bought and sold for large-scale agriculture, to be mined, to be used for commerce and agriculture, schools and cities. Thus there is an inherent conflict between traditional and potential uses reflecting a profound conflict of values and attitudes. As Papua New Guinea approaches independence, no problem is of greater importance than the role of land, for no other issue is potentially so violently divisive. Is it to be a national estate? Is it to be owned and used individually, co-operatively, corporately? What will be the impact on the whole social fabric of the country and the lives of its people? In essays expressing every shade of opinion from expatriate detachment or involved commitment and conviction to indigenous bewilderment, rage, frustration, or sense of betrayal, the authors in this book examine some aspects of these extremely complex problems. For the future unity and security of the country the answer is crucial. It is one that the Papua New Guineans alone must make. But there is no easy answer, no simple solution, to their Problem of Choice.

View title

A show of justice: racial 'amalgamation' in nineteenth century New Zealand »

Publication date: 1974

A Show of Justice looks at New Zealand in the nineteenth century when British officials and humanitarians attempted through assimilation to save the Maori from destruction by the tide of European settlement. This policy, and the special administrative and judicial machinery set up to implement it, helped avert the situations in which the American Indians and Australian Aborigines find themselves. Nevertheless, it led to the subjugation of the Maori under {u2018}a show of justice'. Using the records of the old Native Department, Dr Ward probes the attitudes of Maori and settlers towards each other. He shows how, in practice, the settlers both refused to recognise Maori political and judicial institutions and, lest it enabled them to keep their lands closed to settlement, denied them a genuine share in the new state. He reveals, too, how under settler pressure the special machinery set up to involve the Maori was hastily abolished, a step which has since contributed to keeping the two races apart. Maori are now demanding honest answers to many unanswered questions. In this book they, and all concerned with the problems of race relations, will find a basis for some of the answers. And at a time when nations are being made acutely aware of the aspirations of their minority races, national leaders would benefit from a long hard look at New Zealand's experience.

View title

Words and their meanings »

Publication date: 1974

Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3343 1885_114904.jpg ANU Press Words and their meanings Sunday, 18 August, 1974 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services Ullmann, Stephen

View title

Church and state in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist missionaries and political development, 1822-1875 »

Publication date: 1974

Published Press Archives http://press.anu.edu.au/node/3119 1885_114697.jpg ANU Press Church and state in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist missionaries and political development, 1822-1875 Sunday, 18 August, 1974 Not available Archive Scholarly Information Services L??t??kefu, Sione

View title

'Not a white woman safe': sexual anxiety and politics in Port Moresby, 1920-1934 »

Publication date: 1974

Sexual anxiety, bordering on panic, in the Australian colonial town of Port Moresby - 'Port' - during the 1920s is the theme of this book. Port Moresby was more white, more Protestant, more homogeneous than comparable towns like Darwin or Rabaul. Its Papuan inhabitants were considered low on the ladder of civilisation and were despised for trying to climb up it. At the same time they were feared. Liaison with a black, demeaning to a white man, was regarded as defilement to a white woman, and the Papuans were believed to be primitives, unable to control their sexual appetites. Panic and political passion forced Administrator Hubert Murray, whose native policy was criticised as {u2018}lenient{u2019}, to introduce the savagely discriminatory White Women's Protection Ordinance. It stated that anyone who raped or attempted to rape a white woman or girl would be hanged. Mrs Inglis tells the stories of two Papuans convicted under the Ordinance and shows how guilt over the conduct of the trials and over the public hanging of one of the m en clouded the judgment of the white residents so that they became incapable of telling the truth about the incidents, then or later. She questions their belief, ironically shared by Papuans, that white women, sometimes unwittingly, provoked the attacks by immodest behaviour and demonstrates that the Ordinance was the logical outcome of hurt male prestige, authority, and racial pride. The Ordinance was revoked in 1958.

View title